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''The Deputy, a Christian tragedy'' (German: ''Der Stellvertreter. Ein christliches Trauerspiel''), also known as ''The Representative '' (although a more accurate translation would be ''The Vicar''), is a controversial 1963 play by Rolf Hochhuth which portrayed Pope Pius XII as having failed to take action or speak out against the Holocaust. It has been translated into more than twenty languages.〔Kenneth D. Whitehead: ''The Pope Pius XII Controversy. A Review-Article''. From The Political Science Reviewer, Volume XXXI, 2002. Online at: www.catholicleague.org, ()〕 The play's implicit censure of a venerable if controversial pope has led to numerous counterattacks, of which one of the latest is the 2007 allegation that Hochhuth was the dupe of a KGB disinformation campaign. The ''Encyclopedia Britannica'' assesses the play as "a drama that presented a critical, unhistorical picture of Pius XII"〔Encyclopedia Britannica : ''Pius XII - Bibliography''〕 and Hochhuth's depiction of the pope having been indifferent to the Nazi genocide as "lacking credible substantiation"."〔http://www.britannica.com/holocaust/article-236599〕 An English translation by Richard and Clara Winston of the complete text was published as ''The Deputy: A Play,'' by Grove Press in 1964. A letter from Albert Schweitzer to Hochhuth's German publisher serves as the foreword to the Grove edition. A film version titled ''Amen.'' was made by the Greek-born French filmmaker Costa-Gavras in 2002. ==Production history== The play was first performed at West Berlin's “Freie Volksbühne” (Free People's Theater) on February 20, 1963 under the direction of Erwin Piscator.〔John Willett: ''The theatre of Erwin Piscator: half a century of politics in the theatre''. London: Taylor & Francis, 1978, p. 177 et seq.〕 Within the same year, the play was produced at additional theatres in West Germany, Sweden, Switzerland, Great Britain, Denmark, Finland and France. The play received its first English production in London by the Royal Shakespeare Company at the Aldwych Theatre in September 1963. It was directed by Clifford Williams with Alan Webb/Eric Porter as Pius XII, Alec McCowen as Father Fontana, and Ian Richardson. A condensed version prepared by American poet Jerome Rothenberg opened on Broadway on February 26, 1964 at the Brooks Atkinson Theatre with Emlyn Williams as Pius XII and Jeremy Brett as Father Fontana. The producer Herman Shumlin had offered to release any actors who were troubled by the controversy surrounding the play. However, all of the actors remained with the production. The play ran for 316 performances. Herman Shumlin received the 1964 Tony Award as the “Best Producer (Dramatic)” for his Broadway production of ''The Deputy''. Author Rolf Hochhuth had originally prohibited a production of his play in Eastern European theatres out of apprehension that Eastern European governments could exploit the play for a striking anti-Catholic interpretation.〔Hetty Burgers: ''Die “Stellvertreter”-Rezeption in der DDR. Zur Rezeption der einen deutschen Literatur im anderen Deutschland''. In: ''Ideologie und Literatur(wissenschaft)''.〕 This possibility troubled Hochhuth to such an extent that he later wrote "In choosing a Jesuit for my tragic hero I strove to condemn the sin and not the sinner - that is, not the Church but its silence - and to exemplify, after a Kierkegaardian fashion, the enormous difficulty of living up to the Catholic creed and the immense nobility of spirit of those who are capable even of coming close. To read the play as anti-Catholic is not to read it at all."〔Hrsg. von Jos Hoogeveen und Hans Würzner. Amsterdam: Rodopi 1986, p. 180.〕 the play was first produced in Eastern Europe almost three years after its premiere at the National Theatre in Belgrade in Yugoslavia in January 1966 and at the National Theatre in Bratislava in Czechoslovakia on February 12, 1966. The first production in East Germany took place on February 20, 1966 at Greifswald Theatre.〔Hetty Burgers: ''Die “Stellvertreter”-Rezeption in der DDR. Zur Rezeption der einen deutschen Literatur im anderen Deutschland''. In: ''Ideologie und Literatur(wissenschaft)''. Hrsg. von Jos Hoogeveen und Hans Würzner. Amsterdam: Rodopi 1986, p. 189.〕 ''The Deputy'' has been produced in more than 80 cities worldwide since.〔''Harenberg Schauspielführer. Die ganze Welt des Theaters: 265 Autoren mit mehr als 750 Werken''. Dortmund: Harenberg 1997. P. 486.〕 In the English-speaking world, the play has since been revived by the Citizens Theatre, Glasgow in 1986 and at the Finborough Theatre, London, in August 2006. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「The Deputy」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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